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雅思阅读常考题型：为段落或文章的部分选择相对应的小标题

Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

Questions 1 – 5

Sample Passage 6 has six sections, A-F.

Choose the correct heading for sections A-D and F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1 Section A

2 Section B

3 Section C

4 Section D

5 Section F

Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

Section A

The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes,

the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however,

governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and

consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to

protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense.

Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy.

Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to

confront the vested interest that subsidies create.

Section B

No activity affects more of the earth's surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet's land

area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen

by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land

already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher

yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in the

use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in the 1970s and 1980s.

Section C

All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for

agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may

contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend

to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of

crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might

have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the

productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful

measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was

losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently

embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest.

Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

Section D

Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can

cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output

drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion,

or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a

farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and

http://wWw.LiuXue86.Com/a/1524733.html 雅思阅读常考题型：为段落或文章选择小标题（学术类）

pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The

Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in

1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application

in the three years from 1981.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most

dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A

study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies

had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world

commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped landclearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms

began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the

environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion. Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

In less enlightened countries, and in the European union , the trend has been to reduce rather

than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their

land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such

payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops.

Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become

interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement

for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less

carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore

less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels

unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.

Section E

In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and

artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the

highest economic crop yield. A study by the International Rice Research Institute of pesticide

use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice, even

moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved. Such waste

puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next

year's poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health. Every year some 10,000

people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing countries, and another

400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use world-wide increased by 40 per

cent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing

countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land

fallow. That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.

Section F

A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 per

cent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of

http://wWw.LiuXue86.Com/a/1524733.html 雅思阅读常考题型：为段落或文章选择小标题（学术类）

the world's food production will move from Western Europe to regions where subsidies are

lower or non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing

world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more

pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable

environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of

chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which

they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the

incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important.

To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water

effectively and efficiently. Academic Reading sample task – Matching headings

Answers:

1 v

2 vii

3 ii

4 iv

5 i

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