96个gre阅读长句、难句解读

GRE难句解读 请A类阅读欲达7分者认真研读，其味隽永。注意要先不读懂意思只分析其主干，然后在结构把握好的情况下去理解，以锻炼迅速读懂难句的能力。

本文仅为难句训练法的片断，为避免对练习方法出现错误理解，建议购买杨鹏老师的正式出版物《GRE&GMAT阅读难句教程》以获得正确和完全的理解。

1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the numberof descendants an individual will have and hence the number of genecopies transmitted.

那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。

2.Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to controlthe comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from hisunwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.

哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。

3.Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions inwriting Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，sinceit highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different fromthe traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned withexamining statesof reverie and vision and with following theintricate pathways of individual consciousness.

弗吉尼亚。伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)在创作《黛洛维夫人》(Mrs.Dalloway)时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poeticnovelist)所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。

4.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，heshows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantationswhere sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

5.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Blackfamily encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial insustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religiousexpression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves werecontinually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

6.This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derivedfrom West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differedfrom one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibitionagainst union s with close kin.

古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with close kin)的禁止。

7.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discriminationagainst Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racialprejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgments against a groupgenerally accepted as a race in any given region of ethniccompetition，” can be interpreted as also including hostility towardsuch ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jewsinmedieval Europe.

该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。

8. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed，excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nervecells remained negligible in significance for anypossible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.??

9.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was neverrigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of theopposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous inquality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervoussystem. Other experiments revealed slight variations in thesize，number，arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but asfar as psychoneural correlations were concerned，the obvioussimilarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much moreremarkable than any of the minute differences. Although someexperiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，itsinternal representation becomes more holistic and the recognitionprocess correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems tosupport the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are notnotably simple and familiar.

虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设(serial hypothesis)，至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。

10.In large part as a consequence of the feministmovement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recentyears on determining more accurately the status of women in variousperiods.

在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。

11.Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians tolearn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not aliterally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation toa somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magneticdipole，and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation isitself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantumfield-theoretical equations.

因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

12.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument thatis convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas anargument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable undersmall perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设(underlyingassumption)稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。

13.However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came toregard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of femalesolidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from oneanother by the primacy each held in her own salon.

起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。

14.As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasinglyimpressed with the functionalsimilarities between insect andvertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences thatseem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them.

随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。

15. Although fiction assuredly springs from politicalcircumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways otherthan ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily asinstruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.

虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。

16.Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic?

这究竟是一种缺陷呢，或者是否表明，这些作者是在按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系?

17.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to ourattention in the process some fascinating and little-known works likeJames Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊(James WeldonJohnson)的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》(Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man)。

18.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths，where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to passthrough，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissionsradiated from the Earth's surface，radiation that would otherwise betransmitted back into space.

虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visiblewavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength)，亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared cmission)，这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。

19.The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not ofdictating the details of human behavior but one of imposingconstraints-ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that“come naturally”in archetypal situations in any culture.

这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。

20.A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number ofgrazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed mostof the algae.

在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。

21.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ingrates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species inthe laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for fieldconditions using the known population density of grazers.

由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落食草比例进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的结食比例，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落食草比例。

22.In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in thelate spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily com-munitygrazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.

23.The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is thecomplete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning asatmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form asprecipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finallyagain returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means ofevaporation and transpiration.

水文循环(hydrologiccycle)，作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。

24.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that theagrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the UnitedStates since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of theinternal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land neededfor further expansion of the American farming system.

史学家弗雷德里克。杰。特纳(FrederickJ.Turner)于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区(internalfrontier)的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。

25.In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe(which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，toinvestigate moreof the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent whocomprised the political and social elite：thekings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who hadhitherto usually filled history books.

二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。

26.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents toextract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes ofdifferent social groups (these attitudes include，but are notconfinedto，attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how theauthorities administered justice.

象勒罗伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史(case history)来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度(这些态度包括，但并非局限于，对犯罪和法律的态度)，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。

27.My point is that its central consciousness-its profoundunderstanding of class and genderas shaping influences on people'slives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，ingeneral，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literarycritics.

我的论点是，其作品的中心意识——它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产，而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。

28.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties acrossinterfaces between living andnonliving matter requires knowledge ofwhich molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area thatwe have not yet explored thoroughly.

但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。

29.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms oflaw-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number ofcoincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter andpositive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable inorder to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legalphenomena.

伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。

30.Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewishlaw of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (thedispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spiritof the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very closeto that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish lawin the Diaspora.

尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土)的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》(OldTestament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》(Talmud)极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。

31.Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway fromthe Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of anexamination from a religious angle，of legal subjectmatter that wasfar from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of thelaws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over fromthe non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arabpaganism)的一种根本上的决裂;伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。

32.One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomesof plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' naturalconstitution：specifically，the idea of inserting intononleguminousplants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit theleguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，theintensified research on legumes.

这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。

33.It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability ofnitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growtheven though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogengas.下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。

34.Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolutionwill be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip thoseplants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identifiedand isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once theyare found， becomes possible.

除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex)，一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。

35.Its subject(to use Maynard Mack'scategories)is “life-as-spectacle，” for readers，diverted by itsvarious incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;thetragic Iliad，however，presents “life-as-experience”：readers are asked toidentify with the mind ofAchilles，whose motivations render him a notparticularly likable hero.

其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克(MaynardMack)的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。

36.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adultflatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that inan adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.

在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称(asymmetry)特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。

37.The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is thewell-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanicislands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from thelower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from thatof the midocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，isthe upper mantle.

对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantleplume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

38.Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerningmantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but thatheterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements”(elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolatingupward and transforming portions of the uppermantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways.

但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

39.The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationshipsthat kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，fromabstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficultfor Proust to set them out coherently.

各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列;正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。

40.It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's(cDNA's)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messengerRNA's (mRNA's)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making thehormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the braincells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then thecDNA's should still bind tothese mRNA's，but should not bind astightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones.

科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA's(cDNA's)，以此作为分子探子(molecularprobe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's(mRNA's)。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA's应仍然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA's的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA's 进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。

41.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNAprobes should also be much faster than the immunological method becauseit can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormonesand then develop antiserums to them.

采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。

42.This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits andevents not directly related toglacial and interglacialperiods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studyingbiological remains found in interglacial beds themselvesinterstratified within glacial deposits.

这一序列演替(succession)所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层(interglacialbed)中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)。

43.There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms ofinappropriate socialrelationships either between those who areinvolved and those who are not simultaneously involved in thesatisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiatedand those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。

44.Many critics of Family Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights see itssecond part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does notreverse，the first part，where a “romantic” reading receives moreconfirmation.

研究艾米丽。勃朗特(Emily Bronte)小说《呼啸山庄》(WutheringHeights)的许多文学评论家，将小说的第二部分视作一种对比物，即使没有将第一部分予以逆转的话，也是在对第一部分作出一种诠释评判，而在小说第一部分中，一种“浪漫的”的读解能获得更为充分的确证。

45.Granted that the presence of these elements need not arguean authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that ofHenry James， their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify thenovel's heterogeneous parts.

诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟;然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。

46.This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffensinto a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of anynovel is always a danger)，but because Wuthering Heights hasrecalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resistinclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.

这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题(尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板总是一种危险)，而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。

47.The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one sourceof common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding themeasurement error;and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniformis topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差;而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。

48. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.

更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。

49.It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。

50.Even the “radical” critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》(Divided Society)一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。

51.They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be detected.

它们被称为“虚粒子”(virtual particle)，以便与实粒子(real particle)区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种方式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定。

52. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.

其他的理论家提出，在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后，由于地球与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞，月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。

53.Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to bepeculiarly Southern- acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics andthe law，and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-wasnot only more typically English than the culturalpatterns exhibitedby Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainlycharacteristic of most other early modern British colonies fromBarbados north to RhodeIsland and New Hampshire. 因此，那些与(北方)清教殖民地形成鲜明对比、并在戴维斯教授的心目中显得具有特殊南方色彩的特征——占有欲、对政治和法律的浓厚兴趣、以及培养大都市文化模式的倾向——不仅仅要比清教的马萨诸塞州和康乃涅克州所展现出来的文化模式更具有典型的英国色彩，并且几乎毫无疑问地构成了绝大多数其它早期近代英国殖民地的特征，从巴巴多斯北至罗得岛和新罕布什尔州。

54.A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that ofthe tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (orsmaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture andconcentrate phytoplankton.

浮游动物体内一种极特殊的进食适应性变化是蝌蚪状的尾海鞘纲动物(appendicularian)的那种适应性变化，而尾海鞘纲动物则存活于核桃大小(或更小)的黏液球囊内，装备有过滤器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。

55.These historians，however，have analyzed less fully thedevelopment of specifically feminist ideas and activities during thesame period.

但是，这些史学家还不曾充分地分析同一时期中那些具体的女权主义思想和活动的发展。

56.When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 timesthe present mass of our Sun (M⊙)exhausts its nuclear fuel，it is unableto support its own weight and collapses into a tiny neutron star.

当一颗质量超过我们的太阳目前质量(M☉)1.4倍的巨星的内核耗竭其核燃料时，它便无法支撑自身的重量，并收缩成为一颗小型中子星(neutron star)。

57.This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos ofinstitutional changeoriented toward occupational equality and underthe federal sanction of equal pay for equal equal work.

即使武装部队是在一种趋向于职业平等的体制变革的精神下并在联邦政府同工同酬的鼓励下运作的，情况亦是如此。

58.Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they eveninduce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequenttransplants of other organs，such as skin，from thatdonor are acceptedpermanently.

但是，我们已经发现，在许多种老鼠之间，这些移植法的“常规”并没有被肝脏移植物所遵循。肝脏移植物非但从没遭到过排斥，甚至还诱发了一种供者特异性无应答状态(donor-specificunresponsiveness)，在此状态中，随后来自那个供者其它器官的移植物，如皮肤，会永久地被接受。

59.While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the onepapyrus fragment raises the specter that another may beunearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production ofthe Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the dateoncemore into utter confusion.

数据资料已被统计出来，或被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体学这方面，《乞援衰女》实际上确实在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》(后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作)之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来，并证明，比如说，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，从而将创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中。

60.The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself comeinto being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that thatcommunity perceives as essential.

一个社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生，以保存在这个社会看来具有本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。

61.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to asthey are transported over long distances are enormous，windpollinatedplants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss ofpollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollenthat is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amountproduced by species pollinated by insects.

由于花粉粒在其长距离的运输过程中所要面临的潜在危险是巨大的，按上述观点来看，由风授粉的植物补偿了通过偶发事件而伴随造成的花粉损失。其途径是，制造出大于昆虫授粉的植物种类所产生的花粉量的一至三个数量级的花粉量。

62.For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes onovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs ofconifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patternsthat spiral over the cone's surfaces，thereby passing airbornepollen from one scale to the next.

例如，带有胚珠的松球的鳞苞综合体的螺旋状安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，对于气流模式的形成与产生殊为重要，而这些气流模式在松球的表现盘旋上升，从而把在空气中飞行的花粉从一个鳞苞传播至下一个鳞苞。

63.It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separationof secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship forbeginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880's createda new class of “dead-end” jobs，thenceforth considered “women's work.”

十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变，而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后，这类“没前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作。”

64.The increase in the numbers of married women employed outsidethe home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with themechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for thesewomen than it did with their own economic necessity and with highmarriage rates that shrank the available pool of single womenworkers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.

二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减，而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一-一类妇女。

65，In order to understand the nature of the ecologist'sinvestigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growthparameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolateandinterpret，one that tends to make the population increase fromrelatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while thedensity-independent effects act to produce “noise” in the populationdynamics.

为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减;而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。

66.But the play's complex view of Black self-esteem and humansolidarity as compatible is no more “contradictory” than Du Bois'famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awarenesscoexisting withhuman unity，or Fanon's emphasis on an ideal internationalism that alsoaccommodates national identities and roles.

但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点，丝毫都不比杜波伊斯(DuBois)的理想或法侬(Fanon)的强调来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是，民族的自觉可以和人类大同共存;法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调，而这一理想的国际主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。

67.In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforcehis criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun?题干圈套

68.Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of earlytwentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，theserecent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.

作为二十世纪早期“进步派”史学家(如Beard和Becker)等人某些观点的继承者，这些近期的史学家所提出的观点值得我们予以评价。

69.Despite these vague categories，one should not claimunequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot belegitimately observed.

尽管存在这些模糊范畴，但我们不应该断然声称，在各个易于辨认出的阶层之间所存在的敌对态度就无法被合理地观察到。

70.Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensusamong the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus withoutunderstanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed inorder to reach it.

然而，有些史学家强调在殖民者之间曾出现过一种普遍的一致意见。这些史学家如果不认识到各种矛盾的存在，就无法充分地理解这种一致意见，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或压制之后才有可能获得那种一致意见。

71.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would bemost likely to agree with which of the following statements regardingsocioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causesduring the American Revolutionary War?插入语多

72. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods andservices actually produced what manufactures and servicing tradesthought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personaldocuments written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture ofwho wanted what.

尽管有可能从实际制造的商品和服务中可推知制造商和服务业认为他们的顾客所需要的是什么，但只有对由实际顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研究，方能提供一幅精确的图画，藉以说明“什么样的人”需要什么样的东西。

73.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，moregenerally，the nature ofhuman knowledge they believe，are basic humanquestions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as thenecessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation hasrested.

他们相信，诸如灵与肉的问题，或更普遍而言，人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注，均是一些基本的人类问题，其探索性的哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思辩均赖以建立其上。

74.The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy，”distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology andscience turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.

细作审视，我们便不难发现，一种被称为“哲学”的独立学科——既有别于神学和科学诸般学科，并高高在上地对其予以评判——的思想，其渊源却是甚为近期的事。

75.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in theskeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines theattempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due toconvergentevolution-the independent development of similaritiesbetween unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.

但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化(convergentevolution)，是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应，彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。

76.Human genes contain too little information even to specifywhich hemisphere of the braineach of a human's 10'' neurons shouldoccupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.

人类因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。

77.These questions are political in the sense that the debate overthem will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in aspirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle inwhich the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-onlynow entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be atstake，and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution tohumanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an importantinfluence against sexism in our society.

这些问题之所以带有政治性质，因为可避免地，围绕这些问题展开的急诊与其说是一种在客观冷静科研精神指导下对抽象问题的探索，倒不如说是一种学术上的权力斗争。在此斗争中，许多女学者中——只是在现在才开始以众多的人数进入学术界——的学术生涯和职业命运将处于存亡攸关的危急关头，与她们相伴随的是对人文理解作出一种独特贡献的机遇，这一贡献则很有可能成为消除我们社会中所存在的性别主义的一股重要影响。

78.In experiments，an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changesthe pattern of sinistral eggs，but an injection from sinistral eggs doesnot influence dextral eggs.

在实验中，用取自右旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射，可改变左旋卵子的模式;用取自左旋卵子的细胞质进行的注射却不能影响到右旋卵子。

79.Recently some scientists have concluded that meteorites foundon Earth and long believed to have a Martian origin might actually havebeen blasted free of Mars's gravity by the impact onMars of othermeteorites.

最近，某些科学家得出结论认为，那些在地球上发现的并一直被相信源自火星的陨石(meteorite)，实际上有可能是由于其它的陨石撞击火星而致使其被震离火星的重力作用范围。

80.Under the force of this view，it was perhaps inevitable that theart of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as ofquestionable worth (because although it might be both a source ofpleasure and a means to urge people to right action，it might also be ameans to distort truth and a source of misguided action)to the statusof being wholly condemned.

在这种观点的力量作用下，一件或许是不可避免的事情发生了：修辞艺术竟然从被视和具有让人怀疑的价值这样一种地位(因为尽管它有可能既构成一种歪曲真理的手段和误导行为的来源)转变到彻底遭谴责的地位。

81.None of these translations to screen andstage，however，dramatize the anarchy at theconclusion of A ConnecticutYankee，which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan's three-year-oldprogressive order and his return to the nineteenth century，where heapparently commits suicide after being labeled a lunatic for hisincoherent babblings about drawbridges and battlements.

然则，在所有这些被搬上银幕和舞台的改编作品中，没有任何一部作品能生动地再现《康乃涅克州的美国佬》结尾处的无政府状态。而在原作结尾处所描述的情节是，摩根历时三年之久苦心经营的进步事业被暴力推翻，他又重返于十九世纪，在由于他的那些有关吊桥和城垛的语无伦次的唠叨而被列为疯子之后，显然自杀身亡。

82.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models ofthe alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentallydetermined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noblemetal together with a metalloid，such as alloys of palladium andsilicon，or alloys consisting of iron，phosphorus，and carbon，althoughsmall discrepancies remained.

以伯纳尔所建立的旨在研究合金中金属成分的那类模型为基础，研究人员对合金密度进行了计算，这些计算相当程度上与某些合金测量中通过实验确定的数据趋于一致，尽管一些细小的差异依然存在。实验中测量的那类合金由一贵金属和一准金属构成，例如，钯和硅的合金，或由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金。

83.It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.

现在，这已成为一个不争的事实：银河系要比迄今为止所想象的要来得远为浩瀚广阔，并具有远高得多的质量。

84.And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyrannyand of restoring genuine equality “the abolition of the power of moneyoutside its sphere”

沃尔泽倡议，作为消除这种专制暴政和恢复真正平等的手段，应“废除金钱在其范围之外的作用。”

85.Is it not tyrannical，in Pascal's sense，to insist that those whoexcel in “sensitivity” or “the ability to express compassion” meritequal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as“the capacityfor hard work”)essential in producing wealth?

如果坚持认为，那些擅长于“敏感”和“善于表达怜悯之心”的人，应获取与那些擅长于在物质财富创造过程中所不可或缺的品质(诸如“勤奋工作的能力”)的人同等的物质财富，这按帕斯卡尔的意思，难道就不也是专制暴政吗?

86.Yet Waizer's argument，however deficient，does point to one ofthe most serious weak-nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings topredominant positions in a society people who，no matter howlegitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lackthose other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

然则，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报偿，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。

87. The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature hasbeen limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，evenin the rare culturally sensitive and aestheticallysatisfyingtranslation，of completely conveying the original's versestructure，tone，andsyntax.对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍，并且即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。

88.Mores， which embodied each culture's ideal principles forgoverning every citizen， were developed in the belief that thefoundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powersto be placed in service to the community.

“风俗习惯”，体现了每一文化制约每个公民的理想准则，它是在这种信仰中发展而来的，即一个社会的基础在于个人能力的培养，并将这些个人能力置于对社会的服务之中。

89.Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a usefuldescription of participantsthat might characterize it in the light ofwhat social history has taught us about the process of revolutionarymobilization.

唯独在二月革命(the February Revolution)这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述，而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。

90.Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when theyattempt to describe thecultural norms for a small homogeneous tribeor village than when they undertake the formidable task of discoveringthe norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of manydisparate groups.

当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质(homogeneous)部落或村落的文化标准时，他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务，即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家(nation-state)时，他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。

91.It has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literarycreativity that these Chicano writers，whose English language works aresometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language thatcharacterized their Spanish-language works.

因此，一般而言，正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。

92.To measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to belaid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensorsat each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for manymonths.

为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。

93.This declaration，which was echoed in the text of the FourteenthAmendment，was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court's rulingin Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States couldbe denied citizenship.

这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“Dred Scott诉Sandford”一案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。

94.The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that itsframers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundrylist of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizen-shipthat forbids organized society from treating any individual as a memberof an inferior class.

第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不是一张具体民法的细目清单，而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。

95.This doctrine has broadened the application of the FourteenthAmendment to other，nonracial forms of discrimination，for while somejustices have refused to find，any legislativeclassification otherthan race to be constitutionally disfavored，most have been receptive toarguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexualDiscrimination in particular，are “suspect” and deserve thisheightened scrutiny by the courts.

所谓“怀疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某一群体进行的歧视这一信条扩展了第十四条修正案的适用范围，使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式的歧视。因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的，但绝大多数法官已经接受了这样一个论点，即至少某些非种族性质的歧视，尤其是性别歧视，是“值得怀疑的”，并理应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。

96.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundariesthat associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may theentire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.

只有当某一地质系统拥有自然的或人工的界限，将该系统内的水与水文循环起来，这整个系统方能被恰当地称为与水文地质学相关。

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