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首先，我们来看一下剑桥6P91的Q17。

As a result, factors such as 17_______ and attitudes to children have been eliminated ...

文中出现了我们非常熟悉的and结构，找到attitudes基本上距离答案就不远了。另外，并列结构 such as 前的factors,以及部分考鸭不太熟悉的eliminated,也具有提示作用。回到原文定位。

Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would other wise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children's health and survival.

我们找到了factors和eliminated， 但既没有找到and结构，也没找到attitudes。不少考鸭会习惯性继续向下寻找，进而距离答案越来越远。这里，我们忽视掉了非常重要的一个代词these。它用来指代前面的结构，也暗示前面出现了我们需要的factors。我们只需向前看一句，便轻松得到了答案。

Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had aneducation may simply indicate her family's wealth or that it values its children more highly.

我们会发现两个并列结构 and和or, 而题目中and 后跟的attitudes to children 与这句话中it values itschildren more highly 做了同义转述，所以答案应为or前方的 familys wealth，选项J即为答案。这里attitude 的同义转述无形中增加了难度，即使大家先于定位句看到这句话也不容易得到答案。但是，有了these的提示，并谨记代词向前看这一原则，相信答案就会乖乖地到碗里来。

同样的案例也出现在了剑桥8的P29，请大家自行完成。

Positive results could be produced by factors such as 34 or 35 .

原文: Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' - whereclues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver - to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems inthe experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.

我们发现，上面的案例还仅仅局限于两句之间的代词指代作用，但如果大家的认识仅仅局限于此，就太小看代词these了。下面咱们再看一个例子，这个题目是来自剑桥9P21的Q14，为文章的B段选标题。

原文:

In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists dont consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration although it is also important to keep anopen mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future. Second, we make a veryconservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognize it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able tocommunicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.

当你看到选项iv. Assumptions underlying the search for extra terrestrial intelligence 时，不知是否有绝对把握选择它。在非常短的时间内选出这个答案还是需要实力的，而且不少考鸭即使选中此选项也不是特别确定，心理上的波动对下面的题目也会有一定影响。但是当我们看到C段首句Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited.时，我们会非常自信地选出答案iv。这里，these assumptions 对上一段信息做了概括，可见these的强大。同样的案例在剑桥7P70的Q14也有所体现，只不过将B段首句中的techniques替换为了iv.选项中的methods罢了。